什么是西洋参 西洋参原产于美国北部和加拿大南部的森林区，该地区气候属于温带海洋性气候，温和多雨，形成了西洋参喜欢温和湿润的气候条件；同时西洋参又具有较强的抗寒性，-12℃以上一般不会出现冻害。土壤5cm地温5—7℃5—7℃开始生长，12℃开始出土，20—21℃时开花，10℃时枯萎。15—18℃最有利于生长。种子裂口前胚发育的最佳温度为15℃，而10℃以及高于25℃均抑制胚的发育，种子裂口后高于20℃不利于胚的发育，胚发育完全的种子需要在0—5℃的环境下60天，才能打破休眠。 土壤湿度过高和过低都不利于西洋参的生长发育，田间持水量60%最有利于西洋参的生长发育。 西洋参为长日照阴生植物，不能耐受强光、直射光，而喜欢散射光和漫射光，所以生产上要采用遮阴的办法满足西洋参的需光要求，一般透光率为20%为宜。 主根呈纺锤形或圆柱形，长5—12cm,直径0.5—2cm。表面浅黄色，上部或全体可见横向环纹，尤以上部甚密，并有皮孔状疤痕及类白色支根痕。体重，质坚，不易折断，断面平坦，黄白色，显粉性，皮部可见黄棕色点状树脂道，形成层环处棕黄色，木质部具放射状纹理。气微，味微苦、甘。
西洋参的采收与加工 一、 西洋参的采收 栽培西洋参的一般以4年生收获最好，也有3年或5年收获的。各地区根据气候差异，收获时间可在9月中旬到10月中旬。多用人工采挖。起收西洋参时，先要将地上部分枯枝落叶及床面覆盖物清理干净，若床土湿度过大时，可晾晒1—2天。然后用镐或叉子、三齿子将床头、床帮的土刨起，再由参床的一头开始将西洋参刨出，边刨边拣，抖去泥土，运回加工。起收的量应根据加工能力而定。除收参根外，西洋参的茎、叶、花、果以及前面介绍的摘下的花蕾也应开发利用。目前，利用最多的是西洋参茎叶，主要用于提取人参皂甙。当年起收的地块，可在收参前割取；其它地块，以在10月上旬，参叶枯萎但未着霜前采收为宜。 二、西洋参的加工技术 1、洗刷：洗刷是西洋参加工的第一道工序。洗刷的方法有高压水冲洗或刷参机洗刷及手工刷洗，洗刷前应先把西洋参在水中浸10—30分钟，然后把泥土刷掉。一般洗刷西洋参不能过重，除有较重的锈病外，只要浮土及腿分叉处大块泥土洗掉即可。 2、晾晒 洗刷后的西洋参，在进入加工室以前，要将表面水分在日光下晾晒干。并要把不同大小的西洋参放在不同的烘干帘（盘）上，常分成三级。一级直径大于20毫米，二级直径10—20毫米，三级直径10毫米以下。 3、烘干：多采用烘干室干燥的方法。烘干室可根据条件来定，有的采用玻璃房靠日光晒干；有的士采用暖气烘干；有的采用电热风吹干；也有的采用地炕烘干。无论哪种烘干室，都要求卫生、防火设备齐全、照明良好、设有能启闭的排潮孔。较先进的烘干室内设有多层放置摆放参帘（盘）的架子，有较完善的供热调温和排湿系统。烘干的温度要求是，起始温度为25—26℃，持续2—3天，然后逐渐升至35--36℃。在参主体变软后，再使温度升至38--40℃，2—3天后逐步降至30—32℃直到烘干为止。整个烘干时间为2周左右。烘干的湿度要求是，初期控制相对湿度在60%左右；中期50%；后期40%以下。西洋参烘干是决定产品质量好坏、价格高低的重要因素，技术要求较高，生产者一定要认真对待。
西洋参与人参 西洋参，别名洋参、花旗参。 生晒参，别名人参、高丽参、棒槌。 从完整药材看，西洋参呈圆柱形或纺锤状，表面呈浅黄色(野山洋参)或黄色(种洋参)，上部显细密环纹；饮片显黄白色略带粉性，有暗色形成层环纹，环纹内木心较大，有的占至2／3，环纹外韧皮部外沿显较多的环列红棕色树脂道点，气清香，味甘有较浓的土香气，略苦。而生晒参完整药材呈圆柱形，表面呈类白色或黄白色，上部显稀疏环纹；饮片呈类白色，形成层环纹明显，环纹内木心占1／2左右，环纹外韧皮部外沿显稀疏红棕色树脂道点，皮层裂隙多，体轻泡，气无，味甘微苦。 从临床功用上看，两者均含人参皂甙成分，但西洋参性凉而润，生晒参却性温而燥。前者功能有补肺养阴、清胃热、生津润燥作用，适用于高血压、高血糖、心肌缺氧、咽干口渴、烦躁、胸闷引发的心绞痛及冠心病、肺虚久咳等患者。而生晒参功能有大补元气、补脾益肺、生津安神作用，适用于挽救气虚欲脱、脾胃虚弱、倦怠乏力、食欲不振、脱肛、神经衰弱等症，也常用于治疗消渴或热盛伤津证。但必须指出，如生晒参大量或长期服用时，会引起口舌干燥、鼻腔出血，必须在医生指导下用药；而西洋参如长期或大量服用时，却没有副反应产生，因其属滋润性补益品，特别适宜老年患者服用。 总之，西洋参与生晒参虽同属五加科两种不同植物的根，所含化学成分也基本相同，但药性不同，临床功效也不完全相同。因此，一旦中药市场有用生晒参伪充西洋参时，特别当切制饮片后，伪充出现时，应该注意鉴别，服用时更不能以生晒参作为西洋参临床同用以免发生副反应。
中医与西洋参 西洋参味甘、微苦，性凉，归心、肺、肾经，具有益肺阴，清虚火，生津止渴之作用。早在清康熙33年《补图本草备要》和清乾隆30年《本草纲要拾遗》中已有西洋参药性的记载。 西洋参的药性与人参有相似之处，但并不相同。人参提气助火，西洋参滋阴降火。因此，凡有肺阴不足之咳嗽喘促，胃燥津伤的咽干口渴，最适宜用之。日常生活中感觉有虚烦燥火，喉疼失音，纳呆（食欲差）倦怠，烟酒过多，特别是夏季治理小孩虚热、烦躁、食欲不振，西洋参最合适。
西洋参的应用 总皂甙（含量为5%～10%）是西洋参的主要药理成分，与人参相似，只是比例有所不同。它们的总皂甙的药理作用也基本相同，只是人参总皂甙侧重抗利尿和抗疲劳，而西洋参总皂甙侧重镇静。西洋参具有多方面的药理活性。 1．对心血管系统：⑴ 改善心肌功能，抗缺血，⑵ 抗心律失常，⑶ 抗休克，⑷ 抗动脉硬化。 2．增强体质：⑴ 抗缺氧，⑵ 抗疲劳，⑶ 耐高温，⑷ 耐寒，⑸耐饥渴。 3．促进造血。 4．镇静。 5．降血糖。 6．增强免疫力。 值得说明的是，我国医学工作者对国产西洋参与进口西洋参进行的药理活性比较研究，证明国产西洋参在抗疲劳、抗缺氧、抗惊厥、抗利尿以及蛋白质合成等主要指标上，都具有十分显著和相同药理活性，无显著差别。 1． 防治放疗和化疗副反应：西洋参可减轻放射治疗和化学治疗癌症患者引起的不良反应，并能改变机体应激状态，减轻胸腺、淋巴腺组织萎缩等作用。 2． 治疗急性心肌梗塞：以独参汤并配合西药抢救治疗心梗有比较成功的经验。 3． 治疗虚证：西洋参可治咳嗽肺萎、虚热烦倦、口渴少津、胃火牙痛等症，同时还应用在治疗神经衰弱和植物神经紊乱、胸膜炎、感染性多发性神经炎以及乙脑和其它急性传染性疾病的恢复期，或与其它中药配伍，有较好的疗效。 4． 保健：西洋参作为保健品的应用越来越广泛，调查显示，西洋参用于保健的量已经远远超过药品了。
西洋参的选购 西洋参的商品等级：商品西洋参分长支、短支、统货等几种规格。根形短粗，体长2—5厘米的为短支；根长大于5厘米的为长支；根体 长短不一，粗细不等的称统货。长支、短支还可根据根体大小再分出不同的规格。无论何种类西洋参产品，均以纵皱纹细密；断面黄白色，平坦可见树脂道斑点，形 成层环明显；香气浓郁；无青支，无红支；无病疤，无虫蛀，无霉变者为佳。
[性状] 正品 西洋参(药典品): 药材为五加科植物西洋参 Panax quinquefolium L. 的干燥根。 本品呈长圆锥形，纺锤形或圆柱形，长 3～12cm，直径 0.3～2 cm。芦头除去或残存，表面淡黄褐色或黄白色，较丰满，有细密浅皱，或稍瘦瘪，纵皱较深，可见横向环纹及线状栓化疤痕。中下部可见一至数条残断侧根或根 痕。质坚，折断面较平坦略呈角质样，或有小裂隙略显粉性，白色或浅黄棕色。形成层附近色泽稍深，皮部可见暗黄褐色小斑点。气微而特异，味微苦而甘。 | |
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| 伪品 用人参加工的伪制品： 为五加科植物人参 Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. 的干燥根，经加工而冒充西洋参。 本品呈圆柱形、纺锤形、颗粒状或片状，长 3.9～9.2 cm，直径 0.9～1.5 cm，芦头残存或已除去，无支根和须根。表面黄白色，皮粗糙，纵皱纹粗大而明显，横长的皮孔样突起。质地较轻泡，折断面平坦，放射状纹理不明显，皮部与木 部中心多具裂隙，味淡，后稍苦。 | |
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| 以上内容均摘自由中国药品生物制品检定所、广东省药品检验所编著的《中国中药材真伪鉴别图典》 [鉴别] 《中国药典》2000年版一部西洋参项下收载了鉴别西洋参与人参的薄层层析方法。 | |
美国产西洋参大泡粒
美国产西洋参大长枝
西洋参片
用人参加工的假西洋参
用人参加工的“西洋参片”西洋参的价格 美国进口的西洋参每千克价位在1300元到2000元之间，国产西洋参每千克500元左右，生晒参更便宜每千克只要350元。(RMB) (http://www.xm315.com/news/detail.jsp?News_Cate=49&News_Sub_Cate=0&ID=2825) 一下价格表来自 http://www.ginseng99.com/web/1203.htm
| 名 称 | 产品规格 | 质量标准 | 计量单位 | 参考价格 |
| 国 产 西 洋 参 | 大 泡 粒 | 特 等 品 | 公 斤 | 790.00 |
| 中 泡 粒 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 750.00 | |
| 小 泡 粒 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 713.00 | |
| 大 长 支 | 特 等 品 | 公 斤 | 760.00 | |
| 中 长 支 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 722.00 | |
| 小 长 支 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 686.00 | |
| 大 原 尾 | 特 等 品 | 公 斤 | 730.00 | |
| 中 原 尾 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 694.00 | |
| 小 原 尾 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 659.00 | |
| 以上产品产地为吉林省靖宇县、抚松县、长白县 | ||||
| 进 口 西 洋 参 | 大 泡 粒 | 特 等 品 | 公 斤 | 990.00 |
| 中 泡 粒 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 941.00 | |
| 小 泡 粒 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 893.00 | |
| 珍 珠 粒 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 1485.00 | |
| 大 长 支 | 特 等 品 | 公 斤 | 900.00 | |
| 中 长 支 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 855.00 | |
| 小 长 支 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 812.00 | |
| 大 原 尾 | 特 等 品 | 公 斤 | 900.00 | |
| 中 原 尾 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 855.00 | |
| 小 原 尾 | 一 等 品 | 公 斤 | 812.00 | |
| 以上产品产地为美国为斯康辛州或加拿大温哥华 | ||||
| ◆ 产品产地：国产西洋参产地：吉林靖宇；进口西洋参产地：美国、加拿大 ◆ 产品包装：散装，纸箱包装，内加防潮塑胶袋 ◆ 产品质量：按照产品样板交货、验收 ◆ 交货地点：FOB深圳 ◆ 以上价格为人民币价格 | ||||
Item # | Description | Roots/ Package | Length (in) | Price | ||
| Long | About | About | 4 oz | 8 oz | 1 lb |
Jumbo | 6-7 | 3.5"-4.5" | 24.00 |
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Extra Large | 9-11 | 3.0"-4.5" | 21.00 | |||
Large | 12-15 | 3.0"-4.0" | 18.25 | |||
Small | >100 | 2.5"-3.5" | 3/4 lb package 19.00 | |||
| Half Short | |||||
Extra Large | 9-12 | 2.0"-3.0" | 21.00 | |||
Large | 13-17 | 2"-3" | 17.75 |
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Medium | 24-32 | 1"-2" | 16.25 |
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| Short |
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Large | 16-20 | 1"-2" | 20.00 |
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Medium | 30-38 | <1.5"> | 18.25 |
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Small | >50 | <1.25"> | 19.50 |
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| Assorted Roots | Roots/ 1 Pound |
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1 Pound Package | 60-85 |
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| 42.00 | |
| Other Items |
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Ginseng Slices | 4oz Box |
| 15.50 | |||
Ginseng Powder | 3 oz Container |
| 8.00 | |||
Ginseng Tea | 20 Count | Net Wt.: 40 g | 7.50 | |||
Ginseng Capsules | 50 Count | 500 mg/cap. | 8.00 | |||
Ginseng Capsules | 100 Count | 500 mg/cap. | 13.50 | |||
Gift Box With Red Felt |
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| 1.75 | |||
Gift Box w/o Red Felt |
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| 1.00 | |||
| All New "Tubs Of Ginseng" |
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| 8 oz. | 1 lb. |
Prong |
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| 10.50 | 20.00 | |
Ginseng Slices |
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| 23.00 | 44.00 | |
Ginseng Powder | 13.00 | 25.00 | ||||
Ginseng Tea Cut | 13.00 | 25.00 | ||||
Bulk Tea Bags | 50 Count | 11.50 | ||||
Bulk Tea Bags | 100 Count | 21.50 | ||||
One of them, FCF Ginseng, LLC, Mosinee, WI price list
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注意事项 1. 不要饮茶：因茶叶中含有多量的鞣酸，会破坏西洋参中的有效成分，必须在服用西洋参2～3日后才能喝茶。 2. 不要吃萝卜。 3. 警惕不良反应：有的人服西洋参后，会出现畏寒、体温下降、食欲不振、腹痛腹泻；也有的会发生痛经和经期延迟；还有的会发生过敏反应，上下肢呈现散在性大小不等的水泡，瘙痒异常，停药后，水泡可自行吸收消退。 西洋参容易在高温下氧化变质 “这几支西洋参在家里已放了一年多，不知还能否食用？”白云庄社区的王大妈向药学人员请教。市药品检验所主任中药师胡双丰仔细观察了一番后提醒大妈：保质期虽然没过，但已经有点发黄，表明出现变质，但勉强可以服用。西洋参最好不要放过夏天后再食用，更不得超过两年。这是因为夏天气温高，容易出现氧化而导致变质。 不是人人都可以服西洋参 近几年，西洋参在补品中备受青睐。其实，西洋参是一味药，而不是保健品。可是一些广告硬将其宣传为神物，如服后能增进智慧，活跃思维，振奋精神等等，甚至扬言"服用了西洋参，能促使贸易谈判成功"，真是匪夷所思。不少人也以为西洋参老少皆宜，四季可服，"百无禁忌"。中医认为，西洋参具有补气养阴、清火除烦、养血生津之功效，通常用于肺虚久咳、口咽干燥、心烦失眠、四肢倦怠、失血气短等症。妇科疾病中出血过多，如功能性子宫出血、产后出血、子宫肌瘤，而造成阴虚内热者，绝经期因生理原因出现轰热口渴、心烦失眠、易动肝火等阴虚内热者；宫颈癌、宫体癌、卵巢癌经过手术治疗，又作放疗或化疗后，导致阴虚内热、津伤口渴、尿赤便血者，均可用西洋参治疗，每日3～9克，也可用洋参丸治疗，每日4粒。若兼有气阴两伤者，可与人参同用，则效果更佳。冠心病患者若有气阴两虚、心慌气短、神倦咽干，可每日含服西洋参3克，久用有良效。患窦房结综合征有眩晕、乏力、口干者，每次取3克西洋参口嚼含化，一日3～4次，可明显改善症状。西洋参在治病健身方面虽有独到之处，但滥用也是有害的，要防止两种滥用倾向：第一种是盲目用于各种病人。临床研究表明，慢性乙肝患者使用西洋参及制剂不仅不利于疾病康复，还会加重病情和使之迁延。又如许多恶性肿瘤患者在术后或放化疗后使用西洋参及其制剂，有的甚至长期大量使用以图尽快康复，可往往事与愿违，实践证明，只有当患者在术后或放化疗后出现明显的肺胃阴虚症状时才可对症使用，发挥西洋参的实际效用。可见，西洋参并非任何病人都适宜。第二种是将西洋参当作食品。由于西洋参具有一定的抗疲劳、抗缺氧或提神醒脑作用，日常生活中有为数不少的人随身携带西洋参或其制剂以备抗疲劳。殊不知，西洋参也是一种药品，不能想吃就吃。据有关资料显示，忙碌的现代人约有70％之众处于亚健康状态，而亚健康的主要特征就是疲劳，那么用西洋参抗疲劳不是对症的吗？其实不然，因为疲劳是人体气血阴阳相对失衡的表现，需要通过精神调摄、均衡营养、劳逸结合地安排工作和休息的时间等多方面来综合调节，并不是服用西洋参就能解决的问题。况且有许多情况还不适宜用西洋参来抗疲劳，因为西洋参只是一种养阴补气的中药，不是万能药。
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( 3 / 3376 )The world richest people that you know.
#1 William Gates III
© Scott Gries/Getty Images |
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Medina, Washington, United States, North America
Industry: Software
Marital Status: married, 3 children
Harvard University, Drop Out
Microsoft's chief visionary moving further away from day-to-day corporate work. For the first time did not offer a strategy outlook at last year's financial analyst meeting. Instead, prefers to dive into innovative projects, foster collaboration among Microsoft's many divisions. Microsoft aims to be omnipotent, selling software for PCs, servers, cell phones, television set-top boxes, gaming consoles, the Web. At the ripe (tech sector) age of 30, Gates' company impressively beats rivals in profit margins, market capitalization and R&D budget, but its sales growth is slowing to a (recently) single-digit percentage pace. Like elder statesman of computing, IBM, has been investing heavily in its own stock. Diversifies methodically, selling 20 million shares every quarter, reinvesting through Cascade Investment. Big stakes in Canadian National Railway, Republic Services, Berkshire Hathaway. Philanthropy, via $29 billion Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, aimed at fighting infectious disease (hepatitis B, AIDS, malaria) and improving high schools.#2 Warren Buffett
© Eric Francis/Bloomberg News/Landov |
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Omaha, Nebraska, United States, North America
Industry: Investments
Marital Status: widowed, 3 children
University of Nebraska Lincoln, Bachelor of Arts / Science
Columbia University, Master of Science
Revered investor took it on the chin over Berkshire Hathaway's General Re insurance unit; SEC threatened civil fraud suit against General Re Chief Joseph Brandon over questionable transaction with American International Group. Also got it for his board seat at Coca-Cola, where his "independence" might be compromised by Berkshire's ownership of Dairy Queen, which buys lots of Coke products. Buffett: "Do they want us to favor Pepsi?" At Berkshire set in place two governance reforms: regular meetings of directors without Buffett present; whistleblower line for employees. Sitting on $43 billion in cash, hoped to make some big acquisitions last year, "but I struck out." Instead, invested in foreign currencies: $21 billion bet against the dollar and in favor of various other currencies. "In no way does our thinking about currencies rest on doubts about America." Newspaper delivery boy filed first 1040 at age 13; claimed $35 deduction for bicycle. Studied under Benjamin Graham at Columbia. Applied value-investing principles to build Berkshire Hathaway. Portfolio includes utilities (MidAmerican Energy Holdings), insurance (Geico, General Re), apparel (Fruit of the Loom), flight services (FlightSafety, NetJets). Also chunks of American Express, Coca-Cola, Gillette, Wells Fargo. Instructs managers to run a business as if it's the only asset the manager's family will own over the next 100 years. Prefers his investors to buy equities only after careful analysis. "If they insist on trying to time their participation in equities, they should try to be fearful when others are greedy and greedy only when others are fearful." Says he underestimated the severity of certain stocks' overvaluation during the tech bubble. "I talked when I should have walked." No matter. Since taking control of Berkshire 40 years ago, has delivered compound annual return of 22%. "No wonder we tap-dance to work."#6 Paul Allen
© Getty Images |
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Seattle, Washington, United States, North America
Industry: Software
Marital Status: single, no children
Washington State University, Drop Out
Microsoft cofounder, "wired world" proponent lately finding more promise in pipes delivering oil instead of information. Bought energy outfit Plains Resources for $460 million, controlling stake in Plains All American Pipeline, operator of 15,000 miles of oil pipelines. Through Vulcan Energy unit, paid $250 million for natural gas storage business from Sempra Energy. Hasn't given up entirely on the future. Still maintains dozens of investments in media (Charter Communications), technology (set-top box manufacturer Digeo), biotech. Ten-year-old investment in wannabe Hollywood studio DreamWorks finally showing some returns after company took its animation unit public but planned secondary offering of mostly Allen shares postponed for now. Owner of pro football's Seattle Seahawks took team to its first Super Bowl in February, lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. Other pursuits in space (funded SpaceShipOne, first to launch private flight into suborbital space), the open seas (413-foot yacht Octopus armed with 2 helicopters and a 60-foot submarine). His Paul G. Allen Family Foundation has donated heavily to education, art and science causes. Joined buddy Bill Gates in 1975, left the company in 1983 to fight Hodgkin's disease. Has been slowly selling off Microsoft stake ever since.#10 Li Ka-shing
© AP Photo |
Country Of Citizenship: Hong Kong
Residence: Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Asia & Australia
Industry: Diversified
Marital Status: widowed, 2 children
High School, Drop Out
Asia's richest and most influential investor's fortune is centered on conglomerates Cheung Kong and Hutchison Whampoa. Real estate developer, cell phone provider, retailer, major supplier of electricity to Hong Kong and the world's largest operator of container terminals. In June donated $180 million to University of Hong Kong; $40 million to University of California, Berkeley. Son Victor helps father run his massive empire, son Richard struck out on own in early 1990s.
#12 Michael Dell
© Steve Marcus /Landov |
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Austin, Texas, United States, North America
Industry: Technology
Marital Status: married, 4 children
University of Texas Austin, Drop Out
Founder, former chief executive of world's largest PC maker feeling tremors at the top. Even though second-quarter revenue spiked up 15% last year to $13.5 billion, stock sank 13%, biggest dip in almost 4 years. Soft-spoken Texan started selling computers from University of Texas dorm room 1984; dropped out to start Dell Computer. Went public in 1988, grew fast with direct-sales model, kept R&D costs low. Ironfisted chief info officer Randall Mott led charge to trim spending; swiped by rival HP in July. Steady seller of Dell stock, pumps cash into private investment firm MSD Capital. Assets include 377-room Four Seasons Resort Maui in Wailea, Hawaii; stakes in IHOP, NorthWestern, Indiana restaurant chain Steak n Shake. Devoted Republican sits on U.S. President's Council of Advisors on Science & Technology. Wife, Susan, created fashion label Phi, sells through Neiman Marcus.
#140 Steven Jobs
© Getty Images |
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Palo Alto, California, United States, North America
Industry: Technology
Marital Status: married, 4 children
Reed College, Drop Out
Apple icon riding high on iPod —Apple shares are up 70% in the past year—and his animation hit factory Pixar, which he agreed to sell to Disney for $7.4 billion. Music execs who grumble that Apple sells lots of iPods but not much music may have to change their tune: company's iTunes site now selling 3 million songs a day, accounting for 83% of the downloadable music sold opn the Internet. Now mobile phone carriers take aim at Apple, planning their own MP3 services, but Jobs trumps them with new iTunes-branded Motorola phone. Business equally rosy in Hollywood. Movies by animation powerhouse Pixar (Toy Story, Finding Nemo, The Incredibles) grossed $3.2 billion at worldwide box office. Underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer August 2004; back at work after a month.
#562 Oprah Winfrey
© Getty Images |
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Chicago, Illinois, United States, North America
Industry: Media/Entertainment
Marital Status: single, no children
Tennessee State University, Bachelor of Arts / Science
Queen of all media wrapping up her second decade ruling the airwaves. Born in rural Mississippi. Moved to Milwaukee, then Tennessee. Became TV newscaster in Nashville and Baltimore; emotional, ad-lib delivery prompted shift to talk format. Joined Chicago TV station; turned third-rated morning show into number 1. Launched The Oprah Winfrey Show nationally in 1986. Owns property in Chicago, Hawaii, Santa Barbara. Gives to needy women, children and families via Oprah's Angel Network and her personal charity, the Oprah Winfrey Foundation.
Some one you may interest
California Rich Guy List
| 194 | George Lucas | 60 | 3.0 | United States | United States , CA , Marin County |
| 228 | Jerry Yang | 36 | 2.6 | United States | United States , CA , Los Altos |
| 219 | Steven Spielberg | 58 | 2.7 | United States | United States , CA , Pacific Palisades |
| 210 | Ralph Lauren | 65 | 2.8 | United States | United States , NY , New York |
| 228 | Donald Trump | 59 | 2.6 | United States | United States , NY , New York |
Top 3 in China
#451 Larry Rong Zhijian
© ImagineChina |
Country Of Citizenship: China
Residence: Shanghai, China, Asia & Australia
Industry: Diversified
Marital Status: married, 3 children
Member of one of China's most powerful business families, which has been prominent for decades. His father, Rong Yiren, who died in October 2005, played a critical role in opening up China to the world through his China International Trust & Investment Corp. after Deng Xiaoping launched the country's reforms. Larry Rong worked in China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs for 14 years before moving to Hong Kong to set up Citic Pacific. He has turned the company into one of China's most successful conglomerates with investments in steel, property and power. Citic Pacific owns 26% of Cathay Pacific Airways and is a partner of Wal-Mart in the Shanghai area.#451 Wong Kwong Yu
© ImagineChina |
Country Of Citizenship: China
Residence: Beijing, China, Asia & Australia
Industry: Retailing
Marital Status: married, 2 children
China's king of appliance retailing. At age 17 Wong moved to Beijing where he worked as a trader. In 1987 he opened his first appliance store. Today his Gome chain has more than 100CK locations; thriving thanks to up-and-coming middle-class shoppers. A backdoor listing of his appliance retailer Gome Electrical Appliances in 2004 made him a billionaire. Besides retailing, he has property interests in Beijing.#606 Liu Yongxing
© ImagineChina |
Country Of Citizenship: China
Residence: Chengdu, China, Asia & Australia
Industry: Agriculture
Marital Status: married, 1 child
Part of the Liu family, four brothers who made their initial fortune in the feed industry starting in the 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms were taking route in the countryside. Liu Yongxing's East Hope is still one of the country's largest feed suppliers but has diversified into aluminum and invested in financial institutions.
Richest Women
#28 Abigail Johnson
© Neal Hamberg/Bloomberg News /Landov |
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Boston, Massachusetts, United States, North America
Industry: Finance
Marital Status: married, 2 children
William Smith College, Bachelor of Arts / Science
Harvard University, Master of Business Administration
With family, controls Fidelity Investments, America's largest mutual fund company. Firm founded by grandfather 1946. Frugal father, Edward III (see), joined company as an analyst in 1957, took reins of flagship Magellan Fund 4 years later. "Abby" studied art history at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Spent 2 years at Booz Allen Hamilton after graduating in 1984. Interned at Fidelity while pursuing Harvard M.B.A. Returned full-time 1988, tracked industrial equipment stocks, then telecom. Ran her first diversified fund 1993, became president of company's mutual fund division 2001. Avoided taint of corruption during 2003 scandal; kept money managers from market timing, picked up $31 billion in fund assets during first 6 months as competitors Janus Capital, Strong Capital Management, Bank One withered. Last May took over Employer Services division; administers payroll, employee stock plans. Father reduced ownership in 1995; Johnson family still FMR's largest shareholder with a 49% stake.
Asia Richest Women
#154 Nina Wang
© AFP/Getty Images |
Country Of Citizenship: Hong Kong
Residence: Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Asia & Australia
Industry: Real Estate
Marital Status: widowed, no children
Asia's richest woman breathing a big sigh of relief: In December the widow of Teddy Wang was given full control over his estate, including real estate giant Chinachem, after a eight-year legal battle with father-in-law Wang Din-shin. Wang had been accused of forging her husband's will after his 1990 disappearance. She was cleared of all charges in September by Hong Kong's Final Court of Appeal. Notoriously frugal and paranoid, the often-pigtailed Nina said to spend less than $650 a month and travel with a platoon of 50 bodyguards.Youngest One
#410 Albert von Thurn und Taxis
© Schneider Press/Sipa Press |
Country Of Citizenship: Germany
Residence: Regensburg, Germany, Europe & Russia
Industry: Diversified
Marital Status: single, no children
The youngest man on Forbes Billionaires list. This prince inherited a fortune on his eighteenth birthday in June 2001. His assets include extensive real estate holdings, a valuable art collection and a tech company. His 30,000 hectares of woodland in Germany is considered one of the largest forestry holdings in Europe. Lives in one of the family's castles, Schloss Emmeram, with his mother Gloria and older sisters Maria Theresia and Elisabeth.[ add comment ] | permalink | related link |
( 3 / 3163 )
吕后在历史上算是个出了名的人，至今仍有许多人一提到吕后的狠毒和权变就心悸。
然而早年的吕后并不如此，还称得上贤惠的女人，她为了刘邦历尽艰辛，九死一生。
她嫁给刘邦的时候，刘邦只是沛县的一个泅水亭长，亭长也就相当今天的派出所长。
吕后的父亲过生日，吕后的父亲是沛县县令的好朋友，刘邦拍马屁，当然要去祝寿，刘
邦没有什么钱，但他脸皮厚，胆子大，居然虚报一笔礼品就堂而皇之人席。这事是少见
的，吕后父亲知道后，本是带些怒气出来瞧瞧，一见却大吃一惊，因为吕后的父亲精于
相人之术，刘邦隆准龙颜，有天日之表，他一眼就看出来了，当机立断，不顾妻子的反
对，把爱女嫁给了芝麻绿豆般的小官刘邦。
刘邦将吕后娶过来之后，时常为了公务以及与朋友们周旋，三天两头不见人影，织
布耕田，烧饭洗衣，孝顺父母及养育儿女的责任，都一骨脑儿地落在吕后一人身上。
早年的刘邦可说有些无赖，常戴一顶自制的竹帽到处闲逛，骗吃骗喝，一次押解囚
犯，因自己酒醉而使囚犯逃跑，自己也只好亡命芒荡山下的沼泽地区。贤惠的吕后除独
立支撑家庭外，还不时长途跋涉，为丈夫馈送衣物及食品。据说刘邦匿居的地方，时常
有一片云气笼罩，吕后追踪而至，便一定能够找到刘邦。
秦末天下大乱，刘邦率众进人沛县被拥立为沛公，吕后当时也水涨船高，被尊称为
吕夫人，等到刘邦攻入咸阳，被西楚霸王项羽立为汉王，吕后又晋级成了王妃。
但吕后并没有因此过上舒适的日子，在接下来刘邦和项羽打得天昏地暗的楚汉战争
中，吕后成了项羽的俘虏，甚至在项羽把吕后押到两军阵前，以烹杀吕后威胁刘邦时，
刘邦居然笑嘻嘻地说，你爱杀就杀，悉听尊便。善良一点的不妨把这理解为刘大侠的
一种策略，不过，当初在逃难时为了减轻重量，刘邦亲手把自己的孩子推下车去交给死
神，可知这也是他的真心话。作为他身边的女人，真是一盆冰水泼过来，从头冻到脚呀
，死的心都有了。在四年的楚汉战争中，吕后一直被囚在楚军之中作人质，受尽了折磨
和凌辱，挣扎在生死边缘，使其心理和精神受到了严重打击，也造成了以后多疑与缺乏
安全感的后遗症，变成心地狭隘，紧张恐怖，阴狠毒辣，以及凡事先下手为强的性情和
办事手法。
及至楚、汉罢兵言和，以鸿沟为界平分天下，项羽才将吕后归还刘邦，对吕后来讲，
真是恍如隔世。
后来刘邦毁约，重挑衅端，最终在垓下之战中打败项羽，统一宇内，刘邦当上皇帝，
吕后就顺理成章地当上了皇后。
汉高祖刘邦长年在外征战，随军帐幕中自然不乏红粉佳人，这也是他与项羽的一点
不同之处，项羽是只钟情于虞姬。在这些红粉佳人中，共有薄姬，戚姬，曹姬等多人。
一个人既然贵为天子，富有四海，多几个女人侍候，似乎也是理所当然的事，吕后也明
白这个道理。那么是什么使吕后变成一个阴险狠毒的人呢？除了前面提到的战俘生活外，
主要还是权势害人，在最高权力中心——皇宫，权力之争常常是你死我活的，你即使不
想做，形势也逼迫你做，更何况吕后本身就是一个权力欲十分强烈的女人。
一切都好说，但一旦发生实质的利害冲突，甚至影响到未来的安全问题时，吕后便
感到如坐针毡，日夜不安。
最大的问题出在戚姬身上，戚姬身材修长，气质高华，在定陶与刘邦相遇，自此两
人情投意合，成了一对誓同生死的烽火鸳鸯。戚姬的儿子叫如意，言谈举止都有刘邦的
风范，刘邦对他十分钟爱，加上戚姬的枕边进言，吕后儿子刘盈的怯懦不讨刘邦喜欢，
刘邦大有废掉刘盈的太子头衔，另立刘如意来继承自己衣钵的可能。这件事的态势在不
断发展，吕后整天胆颤心惊，眼看戚姬先是夺走丈夫的爱，如今又要攫取太子的位置，
一个是情仇，一个是政敌，她必须反击，但也必须小心翼翼。
汉代定鼎以来，千方百计想要罗致德高望重的“商山四皓”，来为治理国家出谋划
策，但“商山四皓”听说刘邦不太重视儒生，言语之间又喜欢不干不净地骂人，所以始
终不肯应合。
所谓“商山四皓”就是商山之中的四位隐士，名叫东园公，绮里季，夏黄公，用里。
这四位饱学之士先后为避秦乱而结茅山林。商山在今陕西商县东南，林壑幽美，云蒸霞
蔚，地势险峻，是一个隐居的好地方。
为了巩固儿子的太子地位，吕后求计于张良。经过张良的穿针引线，刘邦都没有请
动的“商山四皓”被太子刘盈和吕后的诚心感动，答应出山，作太子的宾客。经过这四
位长者的教导及潜移默化，刘盈的修养和见识大有长进。
一天，宫中大排筵席，四位须发皆白的长者，肃立在太子刘盈身后，等到汉高祖得
知他们就是“商山四皓”时，便知道太子已不可废。他知道连自己都请不动的“商山四
皓”都已成为太子的宾客，看来太子羽翼已成，当刘邦回到后宫把这一消息告诉戚姬时，
戚姬立即泪流满面，戚姬为排谴心中的悲痛和不安，悲歌一曲，希望能在今后的生活中
得到保证，刘邦无言以对，也只能用一曲悲歌诉说无奈。
这次吕后在张良的帮助下，取得意外的胜利，连雄才大略的刘邦也一筹莫展。
巩固了太子的地位，吕后接着就是要树立自己的威望，吕后在树立威望中做得最出
名的一件事就是杀了韩信，把自己的威望建立在韩信的人头上，使群臣慑服。
汉初三杰，运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外的张良，在汉朝建立后就过上半隐居生活，
已不构成威胁；抚百姓，致稼稻使国富民强的萧何不是那种争天下的人，而且在政权建
立后是急需的发展生产的人才。只有领兵多多益善，攻城夺隘，出奇制胜的韩信，始终
是刘邦放心不下的，更何况韩信当年在楚汉之争中，在刘邦最危急的时刻，要挟过刘邦
封王。
汉高祖刘邦登上皇帝宝座之后，一般与他一同打天下的功臣，仍然举止粗豪，不顾
礼法，甚至醉后拔剑起舞，砍去殿柱，闹得不成体统，直到经过叔孙通订定朝仪，朝廷
之上才算有了规矩，据说汉高祖刘邦当时由衷地说道：今天才知道当皇帝的滋味。但一
班自传功高盖世的将帅仍有不臣之心，汉高祖厉行打击，首当其冲的便是令刘邦深心不
安的韩信，他首先把韩信由齐王改封为楚王，又由楚王贬为淮阴侯，又用陈平的计谋捉
住韩信，废为平民，但汉高祖刘邦一直没有杀韩信，因为高祖曾与韩信有约：见天不杀，
见地不杀，见铁器不杀。吕后就偏偏把刘邦都不杀的韩信，用布兜起来，用竹签刺死，
杀他过不见天，不见地，不见铁器。司马迁写史记，记载汉高祖听到韩信被吕后杀
后的心情是：“且喜且哀之”，这话道出了多少背后的故事，自己不忍杀戮功臣，而自
己的妻子却刚毅果敢地了解自己心中的疙瘩，自然不免思潮起伏，感慨万千。
吕后这招确实收到了杀鸡做猴的作用，朝中大臣看到她连韩信这样的人都敢杀，不
免都对她畏惧几分。
淮南王黥布反叛的消息传到长安时，汉高祖正在病中，原本是要派遣太子刘盈率兵
讨代，却硬是被吕后一把鼻涕，一把眼泪地逼上了战场，说什么“黥布是天下猛将，很
不容易对付，太子去岂不是羊入虎口ｘ诸将又多是太子的叔伯辈，只怕难以心甘情愿
地俯首听命。”说来说去还是心痛亲生儿子，不顾丈夫的死活。
刘邦扶病出征，虽然很快就平定了叛乱，但也不幸身中流矢，伤口溃烂，拖了三个
月而驾崩，只活了六十三岁，据载刘邦重病时，吕后曾试探过政权的继承问题，问病中
的刘邦，萧何之后谁为宰相，刘邦告诉她用曾参，她又问曹参之后又谁为宰相，刘邦告
诉她，用周勃、陈平，吕后还要问时，刘邦不耐烦地说。那已不关你什么事了。刘邦死
前特地杀白马为盟，遍告天下，非刘氏不能封王。看来刘邦对吕后也有所防备，不知是
不是巧合，就在陈平、周勃为相时，合力结束了吕后的统治，看来雄才大略的人就是与
众不同。
太子刘盈即位，还只十七岁，天性仁慈柔弱，一切权炳都操在吕后手中，吕后恨透
了戚姬与赵王如意，于是一幕惊心动魄的大血案迅速在宫中展开，首先幽禁了戚姬，再
遣使把赵王如意从邯郸召进京内，纵然刘盈极力袒护这个异母弟弟，结果仍是被吕后毒
杀。对于眼中钉，肉中刺的戚姬，吕后砍掉她的手足，挖眼烧耳，灌上哑药，丢进厕所
里，让她辗转哀号，称为“人彘”，惨不忍睹。吕后还特地要她的儿子皇帝去看，刘盈
得知“人彘”就是威姬时，大惊失色，泪流满面，喃喃说道：“太残忍啦！那里是人做
的事，太后如此，我还凭什么治理天下！”他受不住惊吓，从此大病经年，天天借酒浇
愁，不理朝政。
吕后一方面用血淋淋的手段对付刘氏子孙，一方面使吕氏昆仲位居要津，还用笑盈
盈的方法拉拢皇亲国戚，梦想一步一步篡夺刘家天下。
吕后的亲生儿子刘盈尸位素餐，病病歪歪地当了七年傀儡皇帝便死去了，后宫美人
所生的儿子刘恭继位为少帝，因童稚口无遮拦，触犯了吕后的忌讳，四年后被幽杀，另
立刘弘为帝。又过了四年，吕后病笃，仍然不肯放弃权柄。但这时刘家子孙和一班元老
重臣已容不得她放肆，朱虚侯刘璋和周勃、陈平等先发致人，发动兵变，这是吕后不曾
料到的结果，她的兄弟，侄子吕禄、日产等人手握重兵，都不堪一击，吕后在惊吓中死
去。
吕后是个刚毅阴狠，不甘雌伏的角色，高祖死后，她独立掌政十五年，是个厉害角
色，虽然满手血腥，但是她也有一些为人称道的政绩，先是辅助高祖画谋定策，争夺天
下，后来又减轻百姓负担，导正社会风气，废除许多繁苛的法令，尤以废除“三族罪”
(父母、妻子、兄弟)和“妖言令”(至唐时析解为造妖书妖言罪、传用妖言妖书罪（传即
传播，用即引用）及私有妖书妖言罪)为百姓所称道。史记和汉书都称赞她：“高后女主，
制政不出闺阁，而天下晏然，刑法罕用，罪人是希，民务稼穑，衣食滋殖。”
吕后最大的缺点是嫉妒心太重，私心太重，手段过于残酷，竟然想以吕氏来代替刘
氏干辛万苦得来的江山，终至败亡，吕后死后，薄姬的儿子代王刘恒被迎立为帝，即历
史上有名的汉文帝，从此历史上有了“文景之治”的盛世。
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( 3 / 7715 )Multi-Touch Interaction Research © 2006, Jeff Han Bi-manual, multi-point, and multi-user interactions on a graphical interaction surface. While touch sensing is commonplace for single points of contact, multi-touch sensing enables a user to interact with a system with more than one finger at a time, as in chording and bi-manual operations. Such sensing devices are inherently also able to accommodate multiple users simultaneously, which is especially useful for larger interaction scenarios such as interactive walls and tabletops. Since refining the FTIR (frustrated total internal reflection) sensing technique, we've been experimenting with a wide variety of application scenarios and interaction modalities that utilize multi-touch input information. These go far beyond the "poking" actions you get with a typical touchscreen, or the gross gesturing found in video-based interactive interfaces. It is a rich area for research, and we are extremely excited by its potential for advances in efficiency, usability, and intuitiveness. It's also just so much fun! Our technique is force-sensitive, and provides unprecedented resolution and scalability, allowing us to create sophisticated multi-point widgets for applications large enough to accommodate both hands and multiple users. The drafting table style implementation shown here measures 36"x27", is rear-projected, and has a sensing resolution of better than 0.1" at 50Hz. Stroke event information is sent to applications using the lightweight OSC protocol over UDP. Up Next: We'll be working with other, more interesting form factors (both larger and smaller). Wouldn't it also be nice to identify which finger (e.g. thumb, index, etc.) is associated with each contact?
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( 3 / 8543 )Some thing is funny in this video. 他们竟然告诉你你的脖子应该保持多少度去吃sushi.
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